Orange Beta Spectrometer

Figure 12. Internal-conversion electrons from the Bi²⁰⁹(p,2n) Po²⁰⁸ reaction.

A high efficiency internal conversion magnetic spectrometer employing six magnetic field gaps arranged like sections of an orange or grapefruit, was developed and utilized for, among other things, identifying numerous E-0 transitions in heavy nuclei [Ref.17]. A typical electron spectrum is shown in Fig. 12 and the results from it are summarized in Table 2.

Studies with this electron spectrometer were used to supplement studies of direct nuclear reactions to characterize energy levels of complex nuclei. An example of such studies is shown in Fig. 13.

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Table 2. Electron lines from Bi²⁰⁹(p,2n)Po²⁰⁸, E_p= 16 MeV. K and L refer to electron shell.

Figure 13. Observed transitions and energy levels in Au¹⁹⁵.